Logging pattern and landscape changes over the last century at the boreal and deciduous forest transition in Eastern Canada

Forestry practices associated with the industrial era (since ~1900) have altered the natural disturbance regimes and greatly impacted the world’s forests. We quantified twentieth century logging patterns and regional scale consequences in three sub-boreal forest landscapes of Eastern Canada (117,000, 49,400 and 92,300 ha), comparing forestry maps depicting age and forest cover types for early industrial (1930) and present-day (2000) conditions. Results were similar for the three landscapes, indicating large-scale forest change during the twentieth century. In 1930, previous logging activities had been concentrated in the lowlands and along the main hydrographical network, as compared to a more even distribution over the landscapes in 2000, reflecting a decreasing influence of the environmental constraints on forest harvesting. In 1930, old-aged forests (>100 years) accounted for more than 75% of the unlogged areas of the three landscapes, as compared to less than 15% for the present-day conditions. Logging practices have thus inverted the stand age distribution of the landscapes that are currently dominated by young and regenerating stands. The 1930 forest cover types showed a clear relationship with elevation, with conifers located in the lowlands and mixed and deciduous stands restricted to the upper slopes. Between 1930 and 2000, 58–64% of the conifer areas transformed to mixed and deciduous forests, such that no clear altitudinal relationships remained in 2000. We conclude that twentieth century logging practices have strongly altered the preindustrial vegetation patterns in our study area, to the point that ecosystem-based management strategies should be developed to restore conifer dominance, altitudinal gradients, as well as the irregular structure inspired from old forest stands.     

Response of snails and slugs to fragmentation of lowland forests in NW Germany

Habitat fragmentation is a major cause for species loss, but its effect on invertebrates with low active dispersal power, like terrestrial gastropods, has rarely been studied. Such species can not cross a hostile habitat matrix, for which the predictions of island theory, such as positive relations between species richness and patch size, should apply. In order to test this prediction, we studied gastropod species diversity by assessing gastropod assemblage characteristics from 35 sites in 19 fragments of deciduous old-growth forests in the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany. Assemblages differed between larger (≥700 ha) and smaller forests (<400 ha), those of large forests held a higher percentage of forest species. Although α-diversity was similar between the two forest size classes, small forests often comprised matrix species, resulting in a higher β-diversity. Edge effects on the species richness of matrix species were noticeable up to 250 m into the forest. Hierarchical partitioning revealed that distance to disturbances (external edge, internal edges like roads) explained most assemblage variables, whereas forest size and woodland cover within a 1 km radius from the sites explained only a few assemblage variables. Densities of two forest-associated species, Discus rotundatus and Arion fuscus, decreased with forest size. Yet, forest size was positively correlated with richness of typical forest species and densities of Limax cinereoniger. The latter species seems to need forests of >1,000 ha, i.e., well above the size of most fragments. In conclusion, the prediction is valid only for forest species. The response to fragmentation is species specific and seems to depend on habitat specialization and macroclimatic conditions. Jean-Pierre Maelfait: Deceased.     

电子公文管理初探

从探讨电子公文的概念形成入手 ,分析了目前电子公文实际管理中存在的一些问题 ,并有针对性的提出了解决问题的对策     

企业内部控制的失效成因与强化措施

加强企业内部控制,是企业的最基础性工作,也是企业生存和发展的保证。然而,目前我国许多企业的内部控制还相当脆弱。内部控制已经成为管理企业的有效工具,其健全与否是企业生产成败的关键。依法完善切实可行的内部控制,建立健全的内部控制监督机构,改善内部控制环境,设立良好的控制程序,建立有效的会计控制系统是解决企业内部控制失效的有效措施。     

渔业公共资源管理的制度经济学探讨

渔业公共资源管理既是一个国际性难题,也是我国渔业现代化和市场经济进程中,必须面对和妥善解决的渔业公共资源问题.本文重点分析了当前我国渔业公共资源存在的冲突矛盾,揭示其内在共性特征,总结了福建省渔业公共资源管理的经验和管理模式,结合渔业公共资源管理现状,提出了进一步完善我国渔业公共资源管理的制度设计思路和体制机制设计的原则,研究了适应我国社会主义市场经济条件下的渔业公共资源管理思路.     

“麻江蓝莓”栽培管理技术

介绍"麻江蓝莓"的栽培管理研究现状,然后通过"麻江蓝莓"的栽培管理技术详细阐述"麻江蓝莓"的栽培管理技术。     

元模型在工程数据仓库中的作用

工程数据的组织管理分散、模式复杂且随时间变化,这就要求工程数据管理系统不仅可以统一管理数据,而且支持客户化工作、可扩展。这种系统的设计必须依赖数据模型的灵活性和自描述性。本文在分析工程数据的特点及其管理现状基础上,描述了工程数据仓库的体系结构和多层元模型;重点刻画了利用元对象技术实现工程数据管理的设计实现;最后描述了一个现实的利用元对象管理仓库中工程数据的系统-FTEDWS,证明了本方案和元模型的有效性。这种采用元模型的方法提供了一个灵活、可互交换的环境,用以支持系统演化和重用。     

试论项目制在公共图书馆读者活动中的运作——兼“寻找城市记忆”活动案例分析

公共图书馆读者活动一直采用部门负责制模式,这种模式以部门为核心,是直线职能性组织结构,对新形势下操作流程复杂,组织灵活、需多个部门合力参与、多种社会力量合作的活动来说,在整合优势资源方面存在一定的局限性。而项目制作为一种先进的管理方式,既有直线职能性组织结构的组织性又有横向联合的灵活性,运用于图书馆读者活动有一定的积极意义。本文以湖南图书馆开展的＂寻找城市记忆＂为例,探讨了项目制模式在公共图书馆读者活动中的运作。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

可视化手法在森林健康经营中的应用

可视化技术的快速发展使林业类的展示更加自由和深刻,以北京山区森林健康项目中的八达岭功能分区为项目背景,提出一套较为实用的展示思路,为以后此类森林健康项目的可视化展现手法提供参考和依据。